![]() subtilis spores in biotechnological applications that integrate other disciplines, including food science, synthetic biology, immunology, drug delivery, and material science ( Table 1).įood processing and biodiesel, etc. This review will focus on recent advances in using B. subtilis is also nonpathogenic and generally recognized as safe, which has enabled its wide use in a number of applications ( 10, 11). subtilis sporulation, spore resistance, and spore germination have been extensively studied for many decades, and much is now known about them ( 3, 4). Given sufficient nutrients, the germinated spores can then return to vegetative growth in the process of outgrowth. subtilis spores can rapidly break their dormancy in the process of germination using specific germination proteins present in spores. ![]() However, if appropriate nutrients are provided, most usually l-alanine, B. All of these properties allow spores to survive for many years in the absence of nutrients ( 9). As a consequence of their novel structure and composition, dormant spores are metabolically inactive, exhibit no gene expression, and are extremely resistant to all manner of environmental extremes, including high heat or radiation fluences, desiccation, toxic chemicals, and pH extremes ( 8). The central core contains the spore DNA, ribosomes, and metabolic and biosynthetic enzymes but has a very low water content, ∼35% of wet weight, and contains a number of spore-specific components ( 8). The spore structure is very different than that of a growing cell, with an outer coat that has multiple layers and then two peptidoglycan layers, the large outer cortex and the smaller germ cell wall, with the inner spore membrane under the germ cell wall and the outer membrane outside the cortex and inside the spore coat ( Fig. subtilis spores are relatively easily purified and are ellipsoidal in shape and 0.8 to 1.2 μm in length ( 4) ( Fig. Ultimately, this review hopes to inspire the scientific community to leverage interdisciplinary approaches using spores to address global concerns about food shortages, environmental protection, and health care.īacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium that can survive in adverse environments through the formation of spores via sporulation, a process which is typically triggered by a shortage of nutrients ( 1, – 3). ![]() subtilis spores, with a focus on how their unique characteristics have led to innovative applications in many areas of technology, including generation of stable and recyclable enzymes, synthetic biology, drug delivery, and material sciences. In this review, we summarize both conventional and emerging applications of B. subtilis, its spores have attracted great interest due to their extreme resistance to many environmental stresses, which makes spores a novel platform for a variety of applications. In addition, as the metabolically dormant form of B. ![]() However, this organism has also had industrial applications due to its easy genetic manipulation, favorable culturing characteristics for large‐scale fermentation, superior capacity for protein secretion, and generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status. The bacterium Bacillus subtilis has long been an important subject for basic studies. ![]()
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